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   NETWORK TOPOLOGY: Network topology is the topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically. It is an application of graph theory wherein communicating devices are modeled as nodes and the connections between the devices are modeled as links or lines between the nodes. A well defined network topology makes it easier for network admins to locate faults,troubleshoot issues and to allocate network resources.Diagrams are an important reference point in helping to diagnose network issues,as they can represent physical and logical layouts.

THESE ARE THE TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY:

1.BUS TOPOLOGY- bus topology is a network setup where each computer and network device is connected to a single cable or backbone. Depending on the type of computer network card, a coaxial cable or an RJ-45 network cable is used to connect them together.

Advantages of bus topology

• It works well when you have a small network.
• It's the easiest network topology for connecting computers or peripherals in a linear fashion.
• It requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of bus topology

• It can be difficult to identify the problems if the whole network goes down.
• It can be hard to troubleshoot individual device issues.
• Bus topology is not great for large networks.
• Terminators are required for both ends of the main cable.
• Additional devices slow the network down.
• If a main cable is damaged, the network fails or splits into two.

2.STAR NETWORK- Alternatively called a star network, star topology is one of the most common network. Every node connects to a central network device in this configuration, like a hub, switch, or computer. The central network device acts as a server, and the peripheral devices act as clients.

Advantages of Star Topology

• It is very reliable – if one cable or device fails then all the others will still work
• It is high-performing as no data collisions can occur
• Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and wishes to be connected with hub with one link.
• Easier to put in
• Robust in nature
• Easy fault detection because the link are often easily identified.
• No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.
• Each device requires just one port i.e. to attach to the hub.
• If N devices are connected to every other in star, then the amount of cables required to attach them is N. So, it’s easy to line up.

Disadvantages of Star Topology

• Requires more cable than a linear bus .
• If the connecting network device (network switch) fails, nodes attached are disabled and can’t participate in network communication.
• More expensive than linear bus topology due to the value of the connecting devices (network switches)
• If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without hub.
• Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it’s the central system of star .
• Extra hardware is required (hubs or switches) which adds to cost
• Performance is predicated on the one concentrator i.e. hub
  

3.RING NETWORK- A Ring Network is a type of decentralized network topology found in a LAN or Local Area Network. In this type of network topology, a number of different nodes which include workstations, shared peripherals, file servers and more, are arranged around a closed-loop cable. This works similar to the way a bus network runs within a computer or processor.

Advantages of Ring topology :

• In this data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of packet collisions.
• In this topology additional workstations can be added after without impacting performance of the network.
• Equal access to the resources.
• There is no need of server to control the connectivity among the nodes in the topology.
• It is cheap to install and expand.
• Minimum collision.
• Speed to transfer the data is very high in this type of topology.
• Due to the presence of token passing the performance of ring topology becomes better than bus topology under heavy traffic.
• Easy to manage.
• Ring network is extremely orderly organized where every device has access to the token and therefore the opportunity to transmit.

Disadvantages of Ring topology :

• Due to the Uni-directional Ring, a data packet (token) must have to pass through all the nodes.
• If one workstation shuts down, it affects whole network or if a node goes down entire network goes down.
• It is slower in performance as compared to the bus topology
• It is Expensive.
• Addition and removal of any node during a network is difficult and may cause issue in network activity.
• Difficult to troubleshoot the ring.
• In order for all the computer to communicate with each other, all computer must be turned on.
• Total dependence in on one cable.
• They were not Scalable.
  
  
  

 4.MESH NETWORK-A mesh topology is a network setup where each computer and network device is interconnected with one another. This topology setup allows most transmissions to be distributed even if one of the connections goes down. It is a topology commonly used for wireless networks.

Advantages of Mesh Topology :

• Failure during a single device won’t break the network.
• There is no traffic problem as there is a dedicated point to point links for every computer.
• Fault identification is straightforward.
• This topology provides multiple paths to succeed in the destination and tons of redundancy.
• It provides high privacy and security.
• Data transmission is more consistent because failure doesn’t disrupt its processes.
• Adding new devices won’t disrupt data transmissions.
• This topology has robust features to beat any situation.
• A mesh doesn’t have a centralized authority.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology :

• It’s costly as compared to the opposite network topologies i.e. star, bus, point to point topology.
• Installation is extremely difficult in the mesh.
• Power requirement is higher as all the nodes will need to remain active all the time and share the load.
• Complex process.
• The cost to implement mesh is above other selections.
• There is a high risk of redundant connections.
• Each node requires a further utility cost to think about.
• Maintenance needs are challenging with a mesh.
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  5.TREE NETWORK-A tree topology is a special type of structure where many connected elements are arranged like the branches of a tree. For example, tree topologies are frequently used to organize the computers in a corporate network, or the information in a database. In a tree topology, there can be only one connection between any two connected nodes.

• Advantages of Tree Topology :

  • This topology is the combination of bus and star topology.
  • This topology provides a hierarchical as well as central data arrangement of the nodes.
  • As the leaf nodes can add one or more nodes in the hierarchical chain, this topology provides high scalability.
  • The other nodes in a network are not affected if one of their nodes gets damaged or does not work.
  • Tree topology provides easy maintenance and easy fault identification can be done.
  • A callable topology. Leaf nodes can hold more nodes.
  • Supported by several hardware and software vendors.
  • Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
  • Tree Topology is highly secure.
  • It is used in WAN.
  • Tree Topology is reliable.

  Disadvantages of Tree Topology :

  • This network is very difficult to configure as compared to the other network topologies.
  • The length of a segment is limited & the limit of the segment depends on the type of cabling used.
  • Due to the presence of a large number of nodes, the network performance of tree topology becomes a bit slow.
  • If the computer on the first level is erroneous, the next-level computer will also go under problems.
  • Requires a large number of cables compared to star and ring topology.
  • As the data needs to travel from the central cable this creates dense network traffic.
  • The Backbone appears as the failure point of the entire segment of the network.
  • Treatment of the topology is pretty complex.
  • The establishment cost increases as well.
  • If the bulk of nodes is added to this network, then the maintenance will become complicated.
    
    6.HYBRID TOPOLOGY-A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more differing network topologies. These topologies can include a mix of bus topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree topology.

  • Advantages of Hybrid Topology

    • This type of topology combines the benefits of different types of topologies in one topology.
    • Can be modified as per requirement.
    • It is extremely flexible.
    • It is very reliable.
    • It is easily scalable as Hybrid networks are built in a fashion which enables easy integration of new hardware components.
    • Error detecting and troubleshooting are easy.
    • Handles a large volume of traffic.
    • It is used to create large networks.
    • The speed of the topology becomes fast when two topologies are put together.

    Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

    • It is a type of network expensive.
    • The design of a hybrid network is very complex.
    • There is a change in the hardware to connect one topology with another topology.
    • Usually, hybrid architectures are larger in scale so they require a lot of cables in the installation process.
    • Hubs which are used to connect two distinct networks are very costly. And hubs are different from usual hubs as they need to be intelligent enough to work with different architectures.
    • Installation is a difficult process.

    • Uses of Hybrid Topology

      • Hybrid Topology helps in keeping the full diversity of the computer network.
      • Hybrid Topology is helpful when we require more than one topology in the system.
      • Hybrid Topology helps in reducing the cost of the overall system.
      • Hybrid Topology helps in easily running the system.
      • Hybrid Topology is widely used in educational institutes, research organizations, finance sectors, etc.
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